Cell and Systems Biology

Sinai Health

Molecular Genetics

Subheadline

The discovery offers a major new insight into a neural circuit that scientists have studied since the inception of modern genetics.

Researchers at Sinai Health and the ��Ƶ have uncovered a mechanism in the nervous system of the tiny roundworm C. elegans that could have significant implications for treating human diseases and advancing robotics.

The study, led by Mei Zhen and colleagues at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, was published in the journal Science Advances and reveals the crucial role of a specific neuron called AVA in controlling the worm’s ability to shift between forward and backward motion.

Crawling towards food sources and swiftly reversing from danger is a matter of life and death for the worms. This type of behaviour, where two actions are mutually exclusive, is common in many animals including humans – we cannot sit and run at the same time, for example.

Scientists long believed that control of movements in worms was due to straightforward reciprocal actions between two neurons: AVA and AVB. The former was thought to promote backward motion while AVB facilitated forward motion, with each neuron inhibiting the other to control movement direction.

However, the new data from Zhen’s team challenge this notion, uncovering a more complex interaction where the AVA neuron plays a dual role. It not only instantly stops forward motion by inhibiting AVB, but also maintains a longer-term stimulation of AVB to ensure a smooth transition back to forward movement.

The discovery highlights the AVA neuron’s ability to finely control movement through distinct mechanisms, depending on different signals and across different time scales.

“In terms of engineering, this is a very economical design,” said Zhen, who is also a professor of molecular genetics in U of T’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine. “The strong, robust inhibition of the backward circuit allows the animals to respond to bad environments and escape. At the same time, the controller neuron continues to put in constitutive gas into the forward circuit to generate movement towards safer places.”

Jun Meng, a former PhD student in the Zhen lab who led the research, said understanding how animals transition between such opposing motor states is crucial for insights into how animals move as well as neurological disorder research – and that the worms provide a unique window into basic neural wiring that's to their simple, see-through bodies.

The discovery that the AVA neuron plays such a dominant role offers a major new insight into the neural circuit that scientists have studied since the inception of modern genetics over half a century ago. The Zhen lab successfully leveraged cutting-edge technology to precisely modulate the activity of individual neurons and record data from living worms in motion.

Zhen, who is also a professor of cell and systems biology at U of T’s Faculty of Arts & Science, emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in this research. Meng performed key experiments, while neuronal electrical recordings were conducted by Bin Yu, a PhD student in Shangbang Gao’s lab at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China.

Tosif Ahamed, a former post-doctoral researcher in the Zhen lab and now a Theory Fellow at the HHMI Janelia Research Campus in the United States, led mathematical modelling efforts that were crucial for testing hypotheses and gaining the new insights.

The findings provide a simplified model to study how neurons can manage multiple roles in movement control – a concept that might extend to human neurological conditions.

For example, AVA’s dual role depends on its electric potential, which is regulated by ion channels on its surface. Zhen is already exploring how similar mechanisms could be involved in a rare condition known as CLIFAHDD syndrome, caused by mutations in similar ion channels. Additionally, the new findings could inform the development of more adaptable and efficient robotic systems capable of complex movements.

“From the origin of modern science to the forefront of today’s research, model organisms like C. elegans have been instrumental in peeling back the layers of complexity in our biological systems," said Anne-Claude Gingras, director of the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, vice-president of research at Sinai Health and a professor of molecular genetics in U of T’s Temerity Faculty of Medicine.

“This research is a great example of how much we can learn from simple animals, to then think about applying this new knowledge to advancing medicine and technology.”

The research was supported by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the European Research Council.

Remembering Yoshio Masui, renowned cell biologist and longtime U of T professor

rahul.kalvapalle — Fri, 26 Apr 2024 18:20:01 +0000

Remembering Yoshio Masui, renowned cell biologist and longtime U of T professor

rahul.kalvapalle Fri, 04/26/2024 - 14:20

Cutline

Professor Emeritus Yoshio Masui is credited with helping make developmental biology an essential discipline (supplied image)

Topic

Subheadline

Professor Emeritus Yoshio Masui's career at U of T spanned more than half a century

The ��Ƶ is mourning the death of Yoshio Masui, a professor emeritus in the departments of zoology (1968 to 2006) and cell and systems biology (2006 to 2024) in the Faculty of Arts & Science and a celebrated cell biologist who spent more than half a century at the university.

Born in Kyoto, Japan in 1931, Masui earned undergraduate, master’s and doctoral degrees in Kyoto University before coming to U of T in 1968, driven by a desire for “freedom for research – neither interference with nor solicitation for choices of research projects”.

Masui made several important discoveries, including revealing details on how eggs mature and uncovering clues as to how cancer can arise from uncontrolled cell growth. He played a key role in making developmental biology an essential discipline, and earned numerous honours including the Order of Canada, Albert Lasker Medical Research Award and Gairdner International Award.

Described as “one of Canada’s finest scientists” by the Order of Canada, Masui was revered by colleagues and students for his wisdom, curiosity and generosity. He died on April 18 at the age of 93.

Read the Faculty of Arts & Science article about Professor Emeritus Yoshio Masui

Researchers use powerful AI tool to gain new insights into protein structures

Christopher.Sorensen — Fri, 03 Nov 2023 16:35:45 +0000

Researchers use powerful AI tool to gain new insights into protein structures

Christopher.Sorensen Fri, 11/03/2023 - 12:35

Cutline

A protein containing amino acids with fixed spiral and ribbon structures, in blue and light blue, as well as thread-like disordered regions in orange (photo by AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (CC BY 4.0).

Chris Sasaki

Topic

Hospital for Sick Children

Global

Subheadline

The findings could lead to a better understanding of the role played by proteins in disease and the development of new treatments

An international team of researchers has revealed new insights about the three-dimensional structure of certain types of proteins by using the powerful artificial intelligence tool AlphaFold2.

Long molecules comprising strings of amino acids, proteins are folded into three-dimensional structures according to a strict set of rules. The myriad of different structures enable proteins to perform their functions. Within organisms, from bacteria to humans, they transport molecules, act as catalysts for chemical processes, operate as valves and pumps – and much more.

While AlphaFold2 has predicted the three-dimensional structure of some 200 million proteins, it has until now been unable to determine whether sections within certain proteins, known as intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), have any structure at all – much less predict the shape of that structure.

Alan Moses (supplied image)

“This has been a long-standing debate amongst biochemists and molecular biologists – whether IDRs have fixed structure or whether they’re just ‘floppy’ parts of proteins,” says Alan Moses, a computational biologist and professor in the department of cell and systems biology in the ��Ƶ’s Faculty of Arts & Science.

“We confirmed that, [while] AlphaFold2 still can't predict the structure of IDRs very well ... what it can do is tell us which IDRs are likely to have some structure – something that was previously impossible.”

Moses is a co-author of a new paper, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, that details the research team’s findings and could lead to a better understanding of the role played by these proteins in disease and to the development of new drug treatments.

His co-authors include Reid Alderson, a post-doctoral researcher with the Medizinische Universität Graz (MUG) who formerly did post-doctoral work at U of T; Julie Forman-Kay, a senior scientist and program head of molecular medicine at the Hospital for Sick Children and a professor of biochemistry in U of T’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine; Desika Kolaric, a research assistant at MUG; and Iva Pritišanac, an assistant professor at MUG and former post-doctoral researcher in Moses’s lab.

The team’s findings are significant because AlphaFold2 wasn't trained to predict structures in IDRs and IDRs were not included in its training data. “It's like AI being trained to drive a car, and then trying to see if it can also drive a bus,” says Moses. “It can't drive the bus all that well, but it can recognize that someone should be driving.”

The team is also the first to do it systematically for all the proteins in humans and other organisms. “So, for the first time we believe we know how often it is happening,” says Moses. “This is important because biology is full of exceptions. We need to know what’s common and what’s exceptional.”

The development of this powerful and unexpected application of AlphaFold2 demonstrates the power of using AI to solve the protein folding problem and will improve researchers’ understanding of IDRs and their role in disease.

“In the IDRs that AlphaFold2 predicts to have some structure, we’ve shown that mutations are far more likely to cause disease than mutations in other structureless IDRs,” says Moses. “This is an important advance in understanding how mutations in IDRs can cause disease, which is generally not well understood. We now believe that many of the mutations are disrupting the structure somehow.

“What’s more, because AlphaFold2 predictions are already available for all proteins, now we can say for the first time how many IDRs across the tree of life have structure. Our paper shows that bacterial IDRs are much more likely to have structure than human and animal IDRs. As far as we know, this is the first time this has been noticed and it may settle the ongoing debate about whether most IDRs have structures or not.”

Certain cancers can activate 'enhancer' in the genome to drive tumour cell growth: Study

Christopher.Sorensen — Mon, 16 Oct 2023 14:30:36 +0000

Certain cancers can activate 'enhancer' in the genome to drive tumour cell growth: Study

Christopher.Sorensen Mon, 10/16/2023 - 10:30

Cutline

(Photo by Ewa Krawczyk, National Cancer Institute \ Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institutes of Health)

Neil Macpherson

Topic

Cancer

Graduate Students

Researchers at the ��Ƶ have found that cancer cells can enhance tumour growth by hijacking enhancer DNA normally used when tissues and organs are formed.

The mechanism, called “enhancer reprogramming,” occurs in bladder, uterine, breast and lung cancer – and could cause these types of tumors to grow faster in patients.

Jennifer Mitchell (supplied image)

The research was conducted in the lab of Jennifer Mitchell, a professor in the department of cell and systems biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science, and published recently in the journal Nucleic Acids Research. It pinpoints the role that specific proteins play in regulating the enhancer region which may lead to improved treatments for these cancer types.

Living cells, even cancer cells, follow instructions in the genome to turn genes on and off in different contexts, says first author Luis Abatti, a PhD candidate in Mitchell’s lab.

“The genome is like a recipe book written in DNA that gives instructions on making all the parts of the body,” Abatti says.

“In each organ, only the recipes relevant to that organ should be followed – whether it’s the instructions for lung, breast or some other tissue. Like flipping pages in a recipe book, the DNA containing the instructions for turning genes on in the lung is open and used in the lung, for example, but closed and ignored in other types of cells.

Luis Abatti (supplied image)

“We know that some cancer cells are opening the wrong pages in the recipe book – ones that contain the SOX2 gene, which can cause tumours to grow uncontrollably. We wanted to find out: How does the gene become expressed in cancer cells?”

The researchers analyzed genome data to look for enhancer DNA that could activate SOX2 in cancer cells. The enhancer they found is open in many different types of patient tumours, meaning this could be a cancer enhancer active in bladder, uterus, breast and lung tumours. Unlike many cancer-causing changes, the enhancer reprogramming mechanism does not arise out of mutation due to DNA damage – it is caused by part of the genome opening when it should be staying closed.

The researchers then determined that the enhancer causes increased cancer cell growth because when they removed the enhancer in lab-grown cells, the cancer cells created fewer new tumour colonies.

To figure out why cells have a DNA region that makes cancer worse, the team examined mice without this DNA region and found they do not form a separate passage for air and food in their throat as they develop. Thus, this potentially dangerous cancer-enhancer region is likely in the human genome to regulate airway formation as the human body forms. However, if a developing cancer cell opens this region, it will form a tumour that grows faster and is more dangerous for the patient.

The researchers unravel the mechanism of how developmentally active enhancers become repurposed in a tumour (image: © Abatti et al, 2023, published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research)

“We also found that two proteins known to have a role in the developing airways – FOXA1 and NFIB – are now regulating SOX2 in breast cancer,” says Mitchell, who is associate chair of research in the department of cell and systems biology and is cross-appointed to the department of laboratory medicine and pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine.

The enhancer is activated by the FOXA1 protein and suppressed by the NFIB protein. This means that drugs suppressing FOXA1 or activating NFIB may lead to improved treatments for bladder, uterine, breast and lung cancer.

“Now that we know how the SOX2 gene is activated in certain types of cancers, we can look at why this is happening,” Mitchell says.

“Why did the cancer cells end up on the wrong page of the genome recipe book?”

The research received support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario government.

Researchers discover new protein needed for rapid wound repair

siddiq22 — Wed, 07 Jun 2023 20:35:11 +0000

Researchers discover new protein needed for rapid wound repair

siddiq22 Wed, 06/07/2023 - 16:35

Cutline

Katheryn Rothenberg, a postdoctoral researcher in U of T's Quantitative Morphogenesis Lab, was lead author on the new study (photo by Qin Dai)

Qin Dai

Topic

Institute of Biomedical Engineering

Medical Research

Subheadline

A new study by researchers from U of T's Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering examines the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration

Researchers from the ��Ƶ's Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering have made progress in understanding the intricate cellular processes involved in tissue development and repair.

The findings, published in the journal Current Biology, shed light on the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration – a fundamental behaviour that plays a crucial role in both normal embryo development and pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis.

“This study advances our understanding of the molecular signals that coordinate cellular behaviours, in embryonic development and tissue repair, and likely also in tumour invasion,” says Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez, a professor in the department of cell and systems biology and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering who heads the Quantitative Morphogenesis Laboratory.

Researchers found that Rap1 – a molecular switch that regulates cell adhesion and signalling when turned on – plays a role in the formation and remodelling of adherens junctions (protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissue) and the cytoskeleton during the collective cell movements that drive the rapid, scar-less wound healing response in embryos, making it an attractive therapeutic target in the future.

In embryonic wound healing, the cells around the wound move together to seal the lesion. To that end, cells undergo a series of intricate molecular changes. At the centre of these changes, a unique structure called tricellular junction (TCJ) is formed. The TCJ acts as a hub that hosts a series of proteins that are essential in coordinating cell movements.

When researchers tagged the Rap1 protein with a sensor that could be detected by a microscope, they were able to visualize large concentrations of the protein accumulating around the wound, and specifically at the TCJs.

Upon establishing the localization of Rap1 in the hub of wound repair, the researchers set out to find its role in this complex process. By inactivating or reducing the amount of Rap1 in the embryo, they observed a significant reduction in the wound closure rate compared to normal embryos. Conversely, by activating Rap1, the wound closure rate was dramatically accelerated.

“The fact that collective migration speed can be modulated by Rap1 activity provides a potential pathway for either promoting cell migration – for example, to heal chronic wounds or stopping undesired migration like cancer metastasis,” says Katheryn Rothenberg, a postdoctoral researcher in Fernandez-Gonzalez’s lab who led the study.

Researchers also found that Rap1 plays a crucial role in interacting with cell-cell adhesion proteins necessary to maintain cells together as they move to close the wound, and cytoskeletal proteins that cells use to pull on each other and move collectively. They observed that any disruption to Rap1 can greatly impede the speed at which wounds close.

“By unravelling the intricate molecular mechanisms involved, we have uncovered potential targets for therapeutic interventions in various conditions that rely on collective cell migration,” Fernandez-Gonzalez says.

“We are now keen on understanding the upstream signals that turn Rap1 on during wound healing. This understanding would facilitate the development of tools to activate Rap1 in congenital disorders associated with deficient collective cell behaviour, or to inhibit Rap1 when it contributes to spread disease.”

From Africana development to decarbonization: 34 U of T researchers awarded Canada Research Chairs

Christopher.Sorensen — Wed, 16 Nov 2022 19:01:13 +0000

From Africana development to decarbonization: 34 U of T researchers awarded Canada Research Chairs

Christopher.Sorensen Wed, 11/16/2022 - 14:01

Cutline

Scott Gray-Owen, Caroline Hossein and Marianne Hatzopoulou are three of 34 scholars at U of T who were awarded new or renewed Canada Research Chairs (photos by Nick Iwanyshyn, courtesy of Caroline Hossein, by Johnny Guatto)

Scott Anderson

Topic

Sunnybrook Health Sciences

Leah Cowen

Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research

Unity Health

Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation

Astronomy & Astrophysics

Canada Research Chairs

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health

Computer Science

Dalla Lana School of Public Health

Hospital for Sick Children

History

Ontario Institute for Studies in Education

Rotman School of Management

Sociology

U of T Scarborough

University Health Network

Thirty-four scholars at the ��Ƶ have been awarded new or renewed Canada Research Chairs in fields ranging from artificial intelligence to health and history.

Many of the Canada Research Chairs are working on topics related to complex global challenges – advancing knowledge that will help accelerate the transition to clean energy, for example, achieve more equitable societies or develop new treatments for cancer and other debilitating diseases.

François-Philippe Champagne, Canada’s minister of innovation, science and industry, announced the chairs at the Canadian Science Policy Conference on Nov. 16, along with funding for a range of research programs and projects across the country – including the containment level 3 lab at U of T's Temerty Faculty of Medicine that enables researchers to study certain high-risk pathogens.

Among the 19 new chairs at U of T is Caroline Hossein, an associate professor in global development studies at U of T Scarborough. Named a tier two chair in Africana development and feminist political economy, Hossein studies “solidarity economies,” a movement that emphasizes social benefit over financial gain. She is writing a book about “rotating savings and credit associations” in Canada. These are small groups of immigrants, usually from Africa and the Caribbean, who often lack access to bank capital and come together to help each other financially.

Scott Gray-Owen, a U of T professor in the department of molecular genetics, was named a new tier one chair in infectious immunopathogenesis. His research aims to understand how pathogens such as bacteria and viruses infect their hosts and evade the immune response. In 2021, Gray-Owen was named the inaugural director of a new, forward-looking initiative at U of T called the Emerging and Pandemic Infections Consortium (EPIC), which seeks to combat new infectious diseases and prevent the rise of future pandemics. In that role, he also oversees U of T’s Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, a biosafety facility at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine that enables researchers to conduct research on certain pathogens.

How cities affect our health is the research interest of Marianne Hatzopoulou, a professor in the department of civil and mineral engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering. She was named a new tier one chair in transport decarbonization and air quality. Hatzopoulou creates models of emissions from road transportation and evaluates how this air pollution affects the local population. Not long ago, she was involved in a study that used low-cost sensors to measure carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, coarse particulate matter and other pollutants at nearly 70 sites across Beirut, identifying air pollution hot spots where people were most at risk. She also examined the effects of natural gas fracking in the northeast region of British Columbia. Another study examined the potential improvement in air quality resulting from the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

Among the U of T faculty whose Canada Research Chairs were renewed is Jean Philippe Julien, senior scientist with the molecular research program of SickKids Research Institute and an associate professor in the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine. Julien also received support from the Canada Foundation for Innovation’s John R. Evans Leaders Fund (JELF), which helps provide research infrastructure associated with the Canada Research Chairs program, for his project, “Molecular Biological Systems for the Study of Antibody-Antigen Complexes.” Named for late U of T President Emeritus John R. Evans, the fund helps institutions recruit and retain outstanding researchers and provide them with the necessary tools and technology to perform their work.

(See the full list of new and renewed Canada Research Chairs at U of T)

“I’d like to commend all ��Ƶ researchers who were named new Canada Research Chairs or who had their chair renewed in this latest round,” said Leah Cowen, U of T’s vice-president, research and innovation, and strategic initiatives.

“The Canada Research Chair program provides critical support for researchers across our three campuses who are generating new knowledge, developing key innovations and helping to address some of the world’s most complex challenges.”

Established in 2000, the Canada Research Chair program invests up to $310 million annually to attract and retain top academic talent in disciplines spanning engineering, the natural sciences, health sciences, humanities and social sciences.

Here is the full list of new and renewed Canada Research Chairs at U of T:

New Canada Research Chairs

Aimy Bazylak in the department of mechanical and industrial engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, Tier 1 in clean energy.

Denise Belsham in the department of physiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 1 in neuroendocrinology.

Maged Goubran at the Sunnybrook Health Science Centre and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in artificial intelligence and computational neuroscience.

Scott Gray-Owen in the department of molecular genetics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 1 in infectious immunopathogenesis.

Robin Hayeems at the Hospital for Sick Children and the Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation in the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Tier 2 in genomics and health policy.

Marianne Hatzopoulou in the department of civil and mineral engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, Tier 1 in transport decarbonization and air quality.

Caroline Hossein in the department of global development studies at U of T Scarborough, Tier 2 in Africana development and feminist political economy.

Muhammad Husain at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the department of psychiatry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in treatment innovation in mood disorders.

Courtney Jones at the University Health Network and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in leukemia stem cell metabolism.

Andrea Knight at the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of paediatrics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in mental health and chronic disease of childhood.

Sushant Kumar at the University Health Network and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in genomic medicine.

J. Rafael Montenegro Burke in the Donnelly Centre in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in functional metabolomics and lipidomics.

Deborah O'Connor in the department of nutritional sciences in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 1 in human milk and infant nutrition.

Vijay Ramaswamy at the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of paediatrics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in pediatric neuro-oncology.

Gregory Schwartz at the University Health Network and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in bioinformatics and computational Biology.

Jay Shaw in the department of physical therapy in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in responsible health innovation.

Anastasia Tikhonova at the University Health Network and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in stem cell niche biology.

Burton Yang at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the department of laboratory medicine and pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 1 in cardiac remodeling.

Darren Yuen at Unity Health Toronto and the department of medicine in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in fibrotic injury.

Renewed Canada Research Chairs

John Calarco in the department of cell and systems biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in neuronal RNA biology.

Myron Cybulsky at the University Health Network and the department of laboratory medicine and pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 1 in arterial wall biology and atherogenesis.

David Duvenaud in the department of computer science in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in generative models.

Julie Forman-Kay in the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 1 in intrinsically disordered proteins.

Bryan Gaensler in the David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 1 in radio astronomy.

Alec Jacobson in the department of computer science in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in geometry processing.

Jean-Philippe Julien at the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in structural immunology.

Kang Lee in the department of applied psychology and human development at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Tier 1 in moral development and developmental neuroscience.

David Levin in the department of computer science in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in simulation-driven graphics and fabrication.

Jed Meltzer at Baycrest Hospital and the department of psychology in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in interventional cognitive neuroscience.

Sean Mills in the department of history in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in Canadian and transnational history.

Kimberly Pernell-Gallagher in the department of sociology in the Faculty of Arts & Science, Tier 2 in economic sociology.

Arun Ramchandran in the department of chemical engineering and applied chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, Tier 2 in engineered soft materials and interfaces.

Andras Tilcsik at the Rotman School of Management, Tier 2 in strategy, organizations, and society.

Haley Wyatt in the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Tier 2 in mechanisms of genome instability.

A new model for innovation? How Elizabeth and Aled Edwards are driving an open science revolution

rahul.kalvapalle — Mon, 07 Nov 2022 15:38:12 +0000

A new model for innovation? How Elizabeth and Aled Edwards are driving an open science revolution

rahul.kalvapalle Mon, 11/07/2022 - 10:38

Cutline

Elizabeth and Aled Edwards say an open science approach promises to accelerate key discoveries that will help address everything from the next pandemic to climate change (photo by Johnny Guatto)

Rahul Kalvapalle

Topic

Open Science

Structural Genomic Consortium

Molecular Genetics

Institutional Strategic Initiatives

When the COVID-19 pandemic struck, scientists, corporations and governments around the world scrambled to share research data and ideas to advance the understanding of the disease and produce life-saving vaccines and therapies in record time.

For many, it was a crash course in “open science” – the practice of freely sharing research information and, often, eschewing intellectual property protections on early-stage inventions for the sake of accelerating discovery.

But for the ��Ƶ’s Elizabeth and Aled Edwards, it was little more than a well-publicized example of an approach for which they’ve long been advocates (and an example Aled argued should have been extended by making access to COVID-19 vaccines more equitable globally). Over the course of their careers, the two researchers – who are married – have attracted numerous industry partners to open science initiatives in medicine (Aled) and engineering (Elizabeth), helping establish U of T as a hotbed of what could be described as a new model of innovation.

Each has been made an Officer of the Order of Canada for their industry partnership work. Elizabeth received the honour in 2020 for her contributions to bioremediation, while Aled was honoured earlier this year for his efforts in advancing Canada as a leader in open science research through his leadership of the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), which he founded in 2003.

“Society’s big problems – such as how AI can help drug discovery, how we’re going to create bio-manufacturing capabilities that can provide medicine to the world affordably, how we’re going to tackle climate change and how we prevent the next pandemic – can’t be solved by any single actor,” says Aled, a professor in the departments of medical biophysics and molecular genetics and the Temerty Nexus Chair of Health Innovation and Technology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine. “They require spaces to focus purely on innovation – the science, engineering and other research – in which ideas are freely shared and worries about patenting are set aside.

“We believe that universities in general, and U of T specifically, are ideally positioned to host these spaces.”

While some critics fear a sharing-first approach will dampen incentives and scare off industry, SGC’s open science policy, which expressly forbids patenting on its research, has so far had precisely the opposite effect. Over the past 15 years, the expansion of SGC’s open science remit has only served to bring more industry partners to the table.

A more recent SGC project – Critical Assessment of Computational Hit-Finding Experiments (CACHE) – was organized with several partners from Big Pharma and aims to accelerate development of AI methods in drug discovery. It invites experts to participate in “challenges” around predicting which small molecules bind to specific target proteins implicated in diseases including Parkinson’s disease and COVID-19, and placing the drug starting points in the public domain. In an interview for the CACHE website, Alexander Hillisch, vice-president and head of computational molecular design at Bayer AG in Wüppertal, Germany – one of the companies supporting CACHE – said the incentive for companies lies in being able to access quality experimental data and get to know the most skilled scientists for potential future collaborations.

Beyond his stewardship of SGC, Aled has founded and led numerous companies including the more traditional Affinium Pharmaceuticals, a venture-backed company that developed and sold a new antibiotic, and the more unusual M4K Pharma, which is developing new, but affordable, therapeutics for rare children’s cancers using an open science business model.

Aled sums it up: “To me, in my work, open science is not an end – it’s a business tactic to reach an end, which is to help us understand more about the human genome and human biology, and to allow this knowledge to be translated as rapidly as possible to drive new treatments.”

Elizabeth, meanwhile, traces her early forays into open science to when she worked with industry partners to develop a microbial culture, KB-1, that can dechlorinate pollutants in groundwater. That invention led to the creation of the spinoff company SiREM.

Since KB-1 was a collaborative discovery, patenting it became more of a headache than it was worth.

“When we started working together, we weren’t thinking about IP – it wasn’t even on the radar,” says Elizabeth, a University Professor in the department of chemical engineering and applied chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Sciences & Engineering who is cross-appointed to the department of cell and systems biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science.

“So, we just negotiated a royalty and have kept working together ever since, with students going back and forth.”

KB-1 has since been deployed at some 900 sites around the world by organizations ranging from Fortune 500 companies to NASA, with SiREM continuing to collaborate with Elizabeth and her students to develop cultures that can degrade other contaminants.

Elizabeth Edwards gives a tour of U of T’s BioZone research centre, which has freely disseminated nearly all of its research (photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)

Elizabeth is also the founding director of BioZone, an interdisciplinary research centre that is dedicated to developing biotechnologies that address sustainability challenges. Nearly all of of BioZone’s past research output has been disseminated freely, and all new industry partnerships are being pursued using the no-patent, open science approach – including Elements of Bio-Mining, which aims to harness microbial science to stabilize waste tailings from mining. Industry partners include mining giant Vale and commodity trader Glencore.

The U of T open science industry partnership roadmap is also driving similar projects across Canada. That includes “Open Plastic,” led by Queen’s University assistant professor and U of T alumnus Laurence Yang, which focuses on the discovery of enzymes that can break down plastics in the environment – and has attracted partners including chemicals giant DuPont; Star Produce, a distributor of fruits and vegetables; and Carbios, the first industrial-scale foray into enzymatic PET recycling.

Elizabeth says the long list of corporate partners that have collaborated on open science ventures proves that IP isn’t the main motivating factor for companies looking to work with universities. With the help of student interns from the Faculty of Law, Elizabeth, Aled and colleagues at BioZone rebutted common misconceptions about industry partnerships in an article titled “Could open science stimulate industry partnerships in chemical engineering university research?” published in the Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering.

“The people who work in companies read the same literature as professors do, and they’re just as smart and capable – but they have a different mandate,” she says.

“If something interesting happens in their labs but it’s a little bit sideways, they’re not allowed to pursue it because they have a core business to stick to. So, these companies love [open science partnerships] because it helps them find out more about the things they wish they could do, but don’t have time for.”

Aled agrees.

“Industry loves the clarity of the policy; they know exactly what they’re going into the collaboration for – to talk science, to engage with brilliant young people, to do science they would not have the time to do internally, and to get excited about the latest scientific developments,” he says.

“Elizabeth and I see the university’s role in the innovation economy as being a vehicle for industry to ask far-out questions, while allowing them a way to engage and attract students to their problems – and students really enjoy tackling real-world problems.”

He adds that U of T’s support of his and Elizabeth’s open science initiatives has placed the university in a leadership position in industry engagement worldwide.

“In supporting us to explore this radical way to innovate, U of T has painted a picture of how the Canadian university of the future can work with the private sector and others to tackle big problems and more effectively move ideas from the lab to the market.

“It’s an innovation on innovation, and we hope U of T continues to lead the way.”

Good for you, better for the planet: U of T cyclists pedal toward a more sustainable future

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 20 Oct 2022 20:13:42 +0000

Good for you, better for the planet: U of T cyclists pedal toward a more sustainable future

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 10/20/2022 - 16:13

Cutline

Beth Austerberry, executive director of Bikechain, helps Walid Maraqa, a grad student in biostatistics, perform basic maintenance on his bike (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

Mariam Matti

Topic

City & Culture

Climate Positive Energy

Cycling

Faculty of Art & Science

One of Ayush Sharma’s first stops upon moving to Canada to attend the ��Ƶ was Bikechain on the George campus.

An international student from Delhi, Sharma says he had barely been in Toronto a week before visiting the educational bike repair space for students.

“I enjoyed cycling back home in India and I wasn’t sure how to go about doing it in Toronto,” says Sharma, who is completing a major in biodiversity and conservation biology and a minor in geographic information systems. “It’s a big city and it seems a little intimidating – and bikes are expensive.

“I wasn’t really sure where to start.”

Bikechain proved to be a great landing pad. The non-profit organization, which has been around since 2005, not only offers free workshops on how to fix a flat tire, do-it-yourself bike repairs and free bike rentals to students – it’s part of a supportive and growing local cycling community in and around campus.

“People come here on a basic level to fix their bike,” says Beth Austerberry, executive director of Bikechain. “A lot of people also come here because they want to learn.”

Bikechain is a non-profit on the St. George campus that offers free workshops on how to fix a flat tire, do-it-yourself bike repairs and free bike rentals to students (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

While Toronto is often criticized for its car-focused infrastructure, there’s no denying the rapidly growing popularity of cycling as a healthy, sustainable mode of transportation – a future that U of T is actively supporting through research, infrastructure and community building efforts.

On the St. George campus alone, there are 36 Bike Share Toronto stations – part of a larger, city-wide network of 680 stations and 7,185 rental bikes (U of T Scarborough also has a Bike Share station near the bus loop on Military Trail). There are also bike lanes that run through the campus along University Avenue, College Street, St. George Street, Wellesley Street, Bloor Street, Hoskin Avenue and Harbord Street, among others.

U of T is also adding hundreds of new above-ground and below-ground spaces to park your bike as part of as part of the Landmark Project, which will transform the historic heart of the St. George campus into a greener, more pedestrian friendly space on top of a massive underground geoexchange system that will significantly reduce campus emissions.

At U of T Scarborough, cycling admittedly requires a bit more planning than it does on the St. George campus – but there are enviable upsides, too.

Hanno Rein, an associate professor in the department of physical and environmental sciences at U of T Scarborough, says he discovered a particularly scenic cycling route to campus that he felt compelled to share via a blog post.

“The nice thing about it is that there are no cars around, so the entire trip is all trails,” he says. “I wanted to encourage others to commute by bike, even if it is in Scarborough.”

Rein, who also teaches in the David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics and the department of physics on the St. George campus, says he loves cycling because of the environmental and health factors.

“It’s very enjoyable,” he said. “It’s the nicest commute I can think of.”

However, he’s also quick to point out that infrastructure for cyclists could be better and safer.

Many U of T students, staff, faculty and librarians treat cycling as a year-round activity in Toronto (photo by Daria Perevezentsev)

At U of T Mississauga, BikeShare offers 48-hour bicycle, helmet and lock rentals to U of T Mississauga students free of charge. Located in the Student Centre extension, BikeShare has commuter-style bikes and mountain bikes for rent and is open until the end of October. The program also offers educational repairs similar to Bikechain, providing tools for basic fixups.

Cyclists at U of T Mississauga also have access to the 3.4-kilometre Nature Trail Loop along Credit River and nearby Erindale Park offers a scenic route for cyclists and mountain bikers in the area. Meanwhile, the City of Mississauga is considering the implementing a system similar to Bike Share Toronto to expand transportation options. The system would include stations with bikes, e-bikes and e-scooters.

Southern Ontario’s snowy winters can pose a challenge to bicycle commuters on all three campuses – though many are increasingly treating it as a year-round activity.

Tony Harris

Tony Harris, a professor in the department of cell and systems biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science, says he appreciates being available to avoid traffic on his commute and likes that he’s reducing his environmental footprint by not driving.

His approach to slush and snow?

“I think it’s really important to find good routes that are safe,” he says, adding that it takes him about 30 minutes to bike to the St. George campus from his home. “In the winter, you have to be more cautious about slippery conditions.”

A long-time cycling commuter, Harris adds that he’s perfected the art of cycling during a Toronto winter.

“I wear my normal clothes and then my fleece and I have a yellow cycling jacket on top,” he described. “I wear two pairs of gloves and that really helps my hands. I have an inner glove that’s a running-type glove and then I wear a fleece glove over top. I also wear a toque underneath my helmet. “One other thing is long underwear.

“Having two layers everywhere seems to be the key.”

His advice to students who are new to cycling? Map out your routes.

“Before you head out, find where the dedicated cycling lanes are. If there aren’t dedicated cycling lanes, find one-way side streets that allow you to avoid the busier streets and cars,” he says.

U of T researchers are also playing a key role in helping to map out the university’s transportation future with sustainability – and cycling – in mind.

Marianne Hatzopoulou

Marianne Hatzopoulou, a professor in the department of civil and mineral engineering in the Faculty of Arts & Science, belongs to a research team that’s trying to understand how U of T commuters’ habits and other personal choices contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

The project, funded by the Climate Positive Energy research initiative, will launch a travel survey in January to collect data from students, staff, faculty, and librarians to understand how they commute to campus every day.

“The second part of the project is to quantify the carbon footprint of commuting and the greenhouse gasses associated with commuting to U of T to measure what our footprint is from transportation,” explained Hatzopoulou.

“The third element is to run some experiments to understand what would make people switch their mode of transportation, especially those who are driving.”

Hatzopoulou’s team wants to understand where there are opportunities to promote more sustainable and active modes of transportation and where the challenges lie.

“There’s a lot of research out there that actually quantifies the benefits of cycling as a mode of transportation,” she says.

As for Sharma, riding his bike around campus not only introduced him to the city, it saved him precious time traveling between classes on the St. George campus – not to mention lowering his carbon footprint.

Most importantly, he says, it has helped him find a community through Bikechain, where he is now a co-president and runs workshops.

“There is a mix of undergraduate, graduate, PhD students as well as faculty and non-U of T students,” he says of the group. “Bike shops in general can be dominated by cis males and it can be an unwelcoming space for other people, but Bikchain has always been an inclusive and open space for everyone.

“That’s one of the main reasons I’ve stuck with the community for so long.”

From eSports to K-pop, U of T hosts hundreds of community-oriented clubs and student groups

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 25 Aug 2022 19:16:05 +0000

From eSports to K-pop, U of T hosts hundreds of community-oriented clubs and student groups

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 08/25/2022 - 15:16

Cutline

Members of UTSC Cheer run through a routine at Beach Cheer Athletics in Scarborough. The club is open to all U of T students, regardless of athletic ability (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

Geoffrey Vendeville

Topic

UTogether

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Undergraduate Students

For many students, clubs are key part of the ��Ƶ experience – helping them to meet like-minded people, form lasting friendships and learn outside class.

And there are literally hundreds of extracurricular options across U of T’s three campuses.

The Student Organization Portal – a clubs directory – is a one-stop shop for information on recognized campus groups, ranging from “architecture” to “zero waste.” The portal includes information on what each group does and how to go about joining.

Here is just small selection of U of T’s student clubs and other groups:

UTM eSports

The UTM eSports club brings students together to play video games such as Valorant, League of Legends and Super Smash Bros. (photo courtesy UTM eSports)

Last year, about three billion people – more than a third of humanity – were active video gamers, according to Statista, a German market and consumer data company. Within the next two years, that number is expected to grow to 3.32 billion.

While gaming has come a very long way since physicist William Higinbotham invented what’s said to be the first video game, Tennis for Two, in 1958, people are still getting used to the idea of professional gaming competitions, says Peter Ghobrial, president of the UTM eSports club and a computer science major.

“Video games in general are mainstream but the act of competing in them is on its way there,” he says.

At U of T Mississauga, the club provides a friendly space in the Student Centre for gamers to socialize and compete against each other and students at other universities.

Currently, the most popular games are Valorant, League of Legends and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo Switch. Although video games can be played at home, they’re often more fun to play with friends in person, says Ghobrial who goes by the username “Serp” (a reference to the serpentine Pokémon “Serperior”).

“When I joined the club as a member in first year, that’s honestly how I met a lot of people I’m friends with now,” he says.

“If you feel like it’s something you’d be interested in but feel shy – don’t be. Everyone in the club is welcoming and wants to have a good time.”

K-Pop Dance Crew

Thy Nguyen (centre), a linguistics major and member of University College and events officer in the K-Pop Dance Crew, teaches choreography at Hart House (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

Ada Huang, a student in life sciences at New College, became a fan of K-pop in 2013 when she discovered the girl groups SISTAR, AOA and Girls’ Generation.

Only a year earlier Korean rapper Park Jae-sang, better known as Psy, became an international sensation with the earworm, “Gangnam Style,” which overtook Justin Bieber and Katy Perry on the Billboard charts.

Today, K-pop has become so popular that supergroup BTS was invited to the Oval Office to address anti-Asian racism.

Huang says one of the reasons she was drawn to K-pop was bands’ use of “concepts” – the distinctive styles that groups use in their videos, lyrics and costumes – that range from “high school” to “cute.”

She joined the K-Pop Dance Crew in order to make new friends who shared a love of the genre and dancing. Together, they learn the steps to their favourite videos and sometimes share their performances on YouTube.

“I think what I really appreciate about K-pop,” Huang says, is “how talented these young people are, and their determination in following their dreams of becoming a singer.”

Instagram: @uoftkdc https://www.instagram.com/uoftkdc/?hl=en

Bikechain

Bo Huang, a graduate of the Rotman School of Management, fixes his bike at Bikechain, a campus cycling co-op on the St. George campus (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

On a typical afternoon at the Bikechain cycling co-op at the corner of Huron and College Streets, many grease-stained fingers are busy replacing punctured tubes and worn-out brakes.

The co-op is a place where students can turn to volunteers or full-time staff for guidance on bike repairs and even buy second-hand parts.

“It can be a little hectic, but it’s very collaborative. People end up helping each other out,” says Beth Austerberry, executive director of Bikechain.

Since 2005, the club has subsisted on student levies and donations to make cycling as affordable as possible for students who may already be living on a tight budget.

Bikechain is open four days a week for DIY repairs and once a week for drop-off repairs. U of T students can also borrow a bike for free for one week at a time with a TCard and $100 deposit.

In addition to helping cyclists maintain their rides, Bikechain encourages people to discover the city on two wheels. The club recently began leading group rides to scenic locations in the GTA, including Ontario Place and Leslie Street Spit, a five-kilometre stretch of infill that juts out into Lake Ontario.

“What people like about us is that we’re a pretty social community space,” Austerberry says. “It’s partly about fixing your bike and partly about having fun with other people.”

Instagram: @bikechainut https://www.instagram.com/bikechainut/

Hart House Chess Club

Chess lovers of all skill levels are welcome to join the Hart House Chess Club, which offers lessons and drop-in nights (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

Members of the Hart House Chess Club like to say that it’s “where the kibitzer is king.”

In chess-speak, a kibitzer is a spectator who comments on games in progress.

Ahmed Khalf, the club’s communications director, says the motto – which appears on the back of their club t-shirt – speaks to the group’s friendliness.

“Basically, the club is for anyone who’s interested in chess. It doesn’t really matter what level you are,” says Khalf, a computer science major in the Faculty of Arts & Science and a member of Trinity College. Though the club includes players with the rank of FIDE Master and Candidate Master, any and all players are welcome.

Khalf says he only started playing “seriously” three years ago – part of a Queen’s Gambit-inspired influx of players.

The club has a long history – in fact, it was founded in 1895, even before Hart House opened. It runs a weekly drop-in on Fridays and offers lessons that come with the $25 annual membership fee.

Khalf says being a member isn’t just about learning to ambush your opponent’s king. “It’s not so much about the game as it is about the people around it,” he says.

Instagram: @hhchessclub, https://www.instagram.com/hhchessclub/

U of T Trash Team

The U of T Trash Team helps keep green spaces and waterways clean by picking up cigarette butts, plastic and other garbage (photo courtesy of the U of T trash team)

A couple of years ago, Madeleine Milne was looking for an interesting pastime that would allow her to help her community.

The U of T Trash Team – a science-based community outreach group of students, researchers and other volunteers – fit the bill perfectly.

Team members organize clean-ups in parks, ravines and along the waterfront by bagging heavy loads of plastic waste and other garbage. At Sir Casimir Gzowski Park on Humber Bay earlier this summer, Milne and the team collected tiny pieces of plastic, hundreds of cigarette butts and enough litter to fill 10 trash and recycling bags.

Keeping Toronto’s green spaces pristine is its own reward, says Milne, who studied ecology and evolutionary biology and works in the lab of Assistant Professor and Trash Team founder Chelsea Rochman.

But she adds that a key advantage of Trash Team membership is that it offers an opportunity to get involved while maintaining a flexible schedule during the busy school year. Students who would prefer not to get their hands dirty can volunteer to visit grade school classrooms to educate youth about plastic pollution.

On clean-up days, the Trash Team often draws attention from people in the neighbourhood, who ask how they can do their part to reduce plastic waste. “It feels good to know you’re having an impact on the community,” Milne says.

Instagram: @uofttrashteam https://www.instagram.com/uofttrashteam/

U of T Skateboarders Club

Not even sub-zero temperatures prevent die-hard members of U of T Skateboarders from practising (photo by Liam Ogilvie)

Skateboarding got an unexpected popularity boost during the pandemic, when gathering outside was the safest way to socialize, says Karna Goswami, president of the U of T Skateboarders Club and third-year public policy major.

The U of T club is open to everyone – students and the general public alike – and has a supply of extra boards for people to get a feel for the sport.

The club meets regularly and the most enthusiastic members skate throughout the year, as long as there’s no snow on the ground. During the winter, the club also hosts social events so members can stay in touch.

All skaters are welcome, whether they’re still learning to stand on four wheels or able to do a backside tailslide effortlessly.

“Skateboarding doesn’t just expose people to a sport,” Goswami says. “It helps you see the city in a more lively way. Also, doing sick tricks is a good time.”

EmpowART

EmpowART helps forge connections between students and seniors through therapeutic art workshops (photo courtesy of EmpowART)

A beach chair framed by trees faces a calm lake, where a setting sun peeks over the horizon and casts a warm glow on the water’s surface.

The tranquil scene is one of many that seniors have learned to paint in workshops led by the U of T chapter of the EmpowART Foundation, a non-profit that uses art as a therapeutic tool in nursing homes and hospitals.

Founded one year ago, the U of T chapter has taught workshops in person at seniors’ homes around the GTA and online. Student volunteers take a Bob Ross approach to teaching, giving step-by-step instructions to paint a picture of a desert, galaxy or still life. At the end of the workshop, participants put their artwork on display in their rooms or as part of a small exhibition.

Niha Burugapalli, a student in peace, conflict and justice studies and global health and member of Victoria College, co-founded EmpowART with Kenneth Yip, an assistant professor, teaching stream, in the department of cell and systems biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science.

Burugapalli says the art workshops give seniors a chance to mingle with other residents and youth while doing something out of the ordinary and exercising their creativity.

As for students, they learn how to use their skills to benefit others – and they make new and interesting friends in the process.

“I think that [seniors] really do enjoy spending time with youth and I think that’s a really important connection that we need to foster,” Burugapalli says. “Oftentimes, older folks are cast aside or neglected in society when they have a lot of amazing advice and things to share.”

UTSC Cheer Team

The UTSC Cheer squad has performed at U of T Scarborough sports games and Pride Parade (photo by Geoffrey Vendeville)

You may have seen the U of T Scarborough Cheer Team revving up crowds at basketball and hockey games, or maybe even dancing at the Pride Parade.

On a recent August night, the squad warmed up in a cheerleading gym in Scarborough with stretches and somersaults before going through a routine to the tune of Beyoncé’s Renaissance.

Prior to the pandemic, the team took part in cheer competitions for the first time and received no deductions from the judges for their performance. Now, new and returning students are planning a comeback.

Although competitive cheerleading generally requires co-ordination and skill, the club caters to everyone, says Jessica Fernandes, who studied philosophy at U of T Scarborough.

“Our club is no-experience-needed,” she says. “We welcome people with absolutely no training, even no athletics at all … All bodies are welcome – anybody can do cheerleading.”

Instagram: @utsccheerleading https://www.instagram.com/utsccheerleading/?hl=en

Whales' eyes offer glimpse into their evolution from land to sea: U of T researchers

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 28 Jul 2022 15:37:02 +0000

Whales' eyes offer glimpse into their evolution from land to sea: U of T researchers

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 07/28/2022 - 11:37

Cutline

(photo by Shasin Satuei from Pexel via Canva)

Neil Macpherson

Topic

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology